Americas Founding Documents

Americas Founding Documents The founding documents refer to the documents such as Constitution and other written instruments in which an organization is established and governed. In the United States of America, various founding documents were used to shape the United States of America. These important documents included the Constitution, Bill of rights, Declaration of Independence, primary source documents and other documents that were written between the year 1764 and 1791.The discussion is based on these founding documents of the United States of America. The constitution was written in 1787 in Philadelphia by delegates who came from 12 states. This Constitution created a federal system which composed of three separate powers and also included the concurrent and reserved powers of the states. The facilitation of the formation of the constitution was championed by James Madson.   September 1787 this law was sent to the states for the purpose of ratification where 9 out of 13 states were to ratify it to be active to the states (Fischer, D. H. 2004). The constitution was approved by many of the countrys conventions who called for the amendments especially for the areas that protect the individual rights. The constitution was apportioned into articles and sections. All the legislative powers were to be vested in a Congress of the United States and had to compose of a Senate and House Representatives. The executive power was vested in the president of the United States of America who had to hold the office for the term of four years and was to government placed together with his vice. The constitution also highlighted that the judicial power of the United States be put upon the Supreme Court whereby it was to apply the law and equity when exercising power. The bill of rights was another founding document that has by Anti-Federalists who held that this law was necessary to protect and safeguard the liberty of the individuals. The paper of reasons was the list that has been created polished the government power. About the state authority, the founders found it to be important for the people to be free in conducting worship services and have freedom of speech likewise. The freedom was made free and protected with the amendments that were fist done. Another one was the natural right of people to secure in their houses, persons, papers against any unreasonable searches. The founders also established the amendment III that prohibited any soldier to be quartered in any house without the knowledge of the owner. The founders created various founding principles as one of the founding documents. For instance, individual liberty was at all times to be supported since without right the law loses its nature, and without law, liberty loses its meaning. They came up with the principle that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by the creator with some unalienable rights such as life, happiness, and liberty. The principle of separation of powers came out in the founding document where the powers of the government were to be divided and balanced among various bodies to avoid the element of tyranny and accumulation of authority in one branch. The principle of individual liberty came out clear in these documents where an individual had right to obtain and even control possessions and the fruits of their hard labor. Primary source documents are one of the founding documents in which many written works that existed from the time of the founders is kept. This report tells the story of how the colonies gathered together in the United States of America and created the constitutional republic which has been existence for a long time (House, H. W. (Ed.). 1998). The words and ideas of the founders of the America are placed in this document. The declaration of independence document is considered as founding document that has the foundation of the American freedom. The Declaration of Independence document marked the genesis of the Republic of United States containing unalienable rights. This paper has always been a beacon to those women and men that value freedom. It has sections like a general statement of natural rights and the purpose of the government placed in it.it has the truth that illustrates all men are equal and that Creator has endowed them with certain unalienable rights such as life, a pursuit of happiness and liberty. According to the national archives documents (McCoy 1934-1968), the material brings out the idea that if any form of the government becomes destructive of these rights, the people have the right to abolish such government. The people will vote in the new state which would provide them happiness and liberty without political influence and communicate much on federal agencies. In conclusion, the founding documents in the United States have elevated the freedom and the freedom of the American citizens. The documents contain the history of the founders and guideline and guidance that the government needs to follow when governing the citizens. Documents have also established various rights and freedom of the people of the United States. References House, H. W. (Ed.). (1998). The Christian and American Law: Christianitys Impact on Americas Founding Documents and Future Direction. Kregel Publications. Fischer, D. H. (2004). Liberty and Freedom: A Visual History of Americas Founding Ideas (Vol. 3). Oxford University Press. McCoy, D. R. (1978). National Archives: Americas Ministry of Documents, 1934-1968. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

victorian art :: essays research papers

The Victorian era was a beautiful time. It was full of highly sophisticated people, not including the artists. The artists of the Victorian era were more to the common people that stood out. Most of the artists back then weren’t as big as they are now. They differed in so many ways trying to be individuals. In this, the works would all be outlining subjects but they differed a great deal. Artists in the Victorian era were expressing themselves with extravagant portraits of daily life in ways of romanticism, realism, impressionism, and post-impressionism. Romanticism was a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature. It was a general exaltation of emotion over reason order and instinct. It was full of high passion. Romanticism was â€Å"a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities†, (Pioch). The art expressed passions and inner struggles. The artists of this time were supremely individual creators. To them the creative spirit was the most important thing of their art. They didn’t follow the strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures. They thought of the â€Å"imagination as the gateway to the transcendent experience and spiritual truth†, (Pioch). They had obsessive interests in folk culture, the medieval era, national and ethnic culture origins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Realism was and still is an accurately reproduction of reality or heroism of modern life. Realism came as a response to Romanticism. Realism struggled against t he ‘over popularity’ of Romanticism. It consisted of many pieces of still life and domestic art. Courbet, Millet, and Zola were some more of the major artists doing Realism art. They aren’t as well known as many other artists because every one was doing this kind of art and it was hard to tell the differences between the artists that painted Realism paintings. Realism â€Å"became just one more style among others†, (Brown). They anticipated many of the concerns of the eighteen hundreds or of the century before. â€Å"Realism is a recurrent theme in art which becomes a coherent movement†, (Cruttenden 50) but only after 1850.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Impressionism was a more sensitive medium for more personal expression. Paintings were touched strongly by the spirit of romanticism. These paintings usually contained women and children to symbolize love, sorrow, or despair. Impressionism began with Monet Renoir and Bazille. They all disliked the academic teaching so it was then they decided to paint with a new cause to be different and stand out.

Third Bridge in Istanbul

The first bridge over Ä °stanbul’s Bosporus was the BoÄŸazià §i Bridge, which was opened in 1973 by then-President Fahri Korutà ¼rk, while the FSM began operating in 1988 when Turgut Ãâ€"zal was prime minister. The Turkish government announced plans to construct a third bridge over the Bosphorus.The name of the future bridge has not been decided yet. The third bridge is expected to connect a highway starting in the Western province of Tekirdağ’s KÄ ±nalÄ ± with another highway starting from the PaÅŸakà ¶y neighborhood in Ä °stanbul’s Asian side. The minister said the government expects a sufficient amount of traffic to utilize the route once it is finalized. Experts expressed mixed feelings about the proposal of the Tarabya-Beykoz route, north of the two existing bridges .Some argued it would improve the area. Supporters of the new bridge also say it will make Turkey an important transportation corridor. They point to other highways that have crossed the three largest water reservoirs of Istanbul as evidence that mega infrastructure projects can be built safely(2009). However others argued that a third bridge would threaten the natural resources of Istanbul and was not a real solution to the city's traffic problem because it will encourage more people to use cars, increase Istanbul's chronic traffic problem, the fumes of the traffic will pollute the forests and kill the natural life there and also damage social life and bring new economic problems. The government argued about reducing the Istanbul’s traffic problems however there is a fact that it will create its own traffic.There are 3.3 million motor vehicles on road in the region that the North Marmara project covers.Land transportation shoulders 87 percent of Ä °stanbul’s mass transportation burden.The government officals stated that the bridge would be essential for easing the city’s traffic congestion(2010).However all scientific stuides show that bridges increase the traffic load. It will create its own traffic potential. The solution only may be developing public transportation on rails. This plan does not exist rail traffic. More cars will be sold and added to the existing load. The government claimed that third bridge will not damage the nature however many experts preotested the third bridge because after the construction many parts of forests won’t be existed anymore. Some of Ä °stanbul’s prominent forestry areas are along the third bridge route.Belgrade Forest, Fatih Forest and the Polonezkà ¶y. The project is expected to be finalized with little damage to these sites but destroying large parts of the Belgrade Forest, crossing the Bosporus at one if its picturesque locations, a huge waste of money for building a highway far from the city through uninhabited territory will be a murdery.It is clearly known that the third bridge would start a large-scale damage to forest lands on both sides of Istanbul, on the green lands of Kocaeli and Thrace Peninsulas. All the forests in the North which serve as oxygen generating areas, as breathing lungs of the City will be under great danger due to the bridge and its connection roads construction. An area about as large as the Belgrade Forest would be damaged as a result of the third bridge construction activities, as it is stated by the authorities that the third bridge and its highways will be linked to the Black Sea Coastal Highway which has done great harm to the natural Black Sea Coastline(2008). It is claimed that the bridge will contribute to the city economically however this means more unemployment and more homelessness.The government argue that this infrastructure project would create massive investment and jobs and tackle increasing unemployment rates(2010).The main aim of this 6-billion-dollar project is to channel money into the car, logistics and construction sectors. This money comes out of Istanbulites’ pockets and they will pay the cost in terms of reduced living standards. The bottled water that they drink wil become more expensive, and the air they breathe more polluted. Bu they need both to live.Istanbul's population is already five times of what this area can cope with. With a new bridge, the population will increase. This will mean more unemployment and more homelessness. â€Å"The introduction of the third bridge will be the death of Istanbul,† said Dr. Pr. Murat Cemal Yalà §Ã„ ±ntan of Mimar Sinan University in an interview(2010).

Lighter-Than-Air Craft History

The history of lighter-than-air flight began with the first hot-air balloon built in 1783 by Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier in France. Immediately after the first flight - well, float might be more accurate - engineers and inventors worked toward perfecting a lighter-than-air craft. Although inventors were able to make many advancements, the biggest challenge was to find a way to successfully steer the craft. Inventors conceived numerous ideas - some seemingly reasonable, like adding oars or sails, others a little far-fetched, like harnessing teams of vultures. The problem wasnt solved until 1886 when Gottlieb Daimler created a light-weight gasoline engine. Thus, by the time of the American Civil War (1861-1865), the lighter-than-air crafts were still unsteerable. However, they quickly proved to be an invaluable military asset. In a tethered balloon several hundred feet in the air, a military scout could survey the battlefield or reconnoiter an enemys position. Contributions of Count Zeppelin In 1863, 25-year-old Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin was on a years leave from the Wurttemberg (Germany) army to observe the American Civil War. On August 19, 1863, Count Zeppelin had his first lighter-than-air experience. Yet it wasnt until his forced retirement from the military in 1890 at age 52 that Count Zeppelin began to design and build his own lighter-than-air crafts. While Daimlers 1886 lightweight gasoline engine had inspired many new inventors to attempt a sturdy lighter-than-air craft, Count Zeppelins crafts were different because of their rigid structure. Count Zeppelin, partly using notes he had recorded in 1874 and partly implementing new design elements, created his first lighter-than-air craft, the Luftschiff Zeppelin One (LZ 1). The LZ 1 was 416-feet-long, made of a frame of aluminum (a lightweight metal not commercially produced until 1886), and powered by two 16-horsepower Daimler engines. In July 1900, the LZ 1 flew for 18 minutes but was forced to land because of some technical problems. Watching the second attempt of the LZ 1 in October 1900 was an unimpressed Dr. Hugo Eckener who was covering the event for the newspaper, the Frankfurter Zeitung. Eckener soon met Count Zeppelin and over several years cultivated a lasting friendship. Little did Eckener know at this time that he would soon command the first lighter-than-air ship to fly around the world as well as become famous for popularizing airship travel. Count Zeppelin made some technical changes to the design of LZ 1, implementing them in the construction of LZ 2 (first flown in 1905), which was soon followed by LZ 3 (1906), and then followed by LZ 4 (1908). The continued success of his lighter-than-air craft changed Count Zeppelins image from the foolish count his contemporaries had called him in the 1890s to a man whose name became synonymous with lighter-than-air crafts. Though Count Zeppelin had been inspired to create lighter-than-air crafts for military purposes, he was forced to concede the advantage of paying civilian passengers (World War I again changed the zeppelins into military machines). As early as 1909, Count Zeppelin founded the German Airship Transport Company (Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktien-Gesellschaft -- DELAG). Between 1911 and 1914, DELAG carried 34,028 passengers. Considering that Count Zeppelins first lighter-than-air craft had flown in 1900, air travel had quickly become popular.